Sports, Gambling, And Government America s First Social...

In the second article, â€Å"Sports, Gambling, and Government: America’s First Social Compact?† Hill and Clark’s subject is the Mesoamerican ballgame as it relates to the development of government. Although, Hill and Clark do provide some primary images and sources, it is not strictly a biographical article. Because the text mainly focuses on the collection of data an evidence of the first forms of Maya government as well as the first ballcourt, the authors are interpreting and characterizing the subject of the text from an archeological standpoint. Archeology, the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture, is used quite often throughout the article to prove the authors thesis. One example of an†¦show more content†¦The article can then be related back to many of the sports games that people participate in today in order to find common, connecting similarities. Hill and Clark’s main thesis is that through the analyzation of material culture, such as artifacts and cultural landscapes of the Maya people, they will be able to connect and relate the competitive sport of the Mesoamerican ballgame with the first primitive government structures in the America’s. This relationship will provide insight on the association and influence that games had on leadership positions and social ranks during 1600 B.C. Once this relationship is proven the data collected can then be extrapolated to the present time, relating some of the founding principles of recent government to the ballgame. In the first article Miller supports her argument by discussing a specific image that shows many of the hieroglyphics used within art pieces made by the Maya people. This image displays fragments of how one would depict a ball in a court, a ball on stairs, a ball playing glyph, and hieroglyphic stairs. This piece of evidence serves as a great example when proving Millers argument, that the connection between the architecture of an image and the text is important in understanding the story as a whole. Although the hieroglyphics are small images, when combined in a rigid and chronological fashion they form a story. Once the reader understands what each small picture represents, the story comes together and aShow MoreRelatedCasino Industry Strategy Case Study Essay6573 Words   |  27 PagesAssignment 1 - the Casino Industry 1. Introduction - current situation overview The three most common forms of casino gambling in the USA are the land-based, the river-boat and the Native American gambling. During the year 2009, the commercial casino industry used to employ about 375000 people earning around $13 billion in wages, making it one of the biggest industries in the USA. Commercial casinos are a major part of the actual entertainment landscape. 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Philosophy Paper - 721 Words

Philosophy 101 PAPER # 1 The book The Republic by Plato, was written in Athens around 380 B.C. Around that time Plato wasn’t so happy with the conditions in Athens. This book is focused on the conception of justice and what it is to be just. This theory has been presented differently by each of the characters in the book, which are Cephalus, Polymarchus, Thrasymachus, and Glaucon. However, Socrates is the one who is given a challenge: to prove that justice is good and desirable. The book starts off with Cephalus giving his own conception of justice, which he believes to be â€Å"justice is nothing more than honoring legal obligations and being honest†. However, Socrate’s counterexample is â€Å"returning a weapon to a madman†. You owe the†¦show more content†¦However, injustice cannot in any way be a virtue because it is contrary to wisdom. With the thought of justice being a virtue of the soul being said, which in other words also means health of the soul , justice is good and is desirable because it means health of the soul. So a just soul means a healthy soul. Glaucon on the other hand argues that people only behave in a just way because they are scared of the punishment for injustice. He points out that the unjust life is so much more pleasant than the just one. His brother, Adeimantus agrees and adds on that people praise justice for its consequences and not because they really want to. They both challenge Socrates to show how justice is good in itself and not only for its consequences. Socrates explains that just itself is health. A just city is a healthy city. He divides the city into 3 parts: RULE, AUXILIARIES AND PRODUCERS. Rulers provide us with knowledge and are the highest part of the city. Auxiliaries are also known as warriors, they are responsible for honesty. And then there is the producers which are the lowest class of the city (farmers, doctors, etc). Their main focus is money. Since a just city is equal to a healthy city, all these three classes are supposed to do what they are responsible for. Then Socrates also divides the soul into 3 parts to match it with the city. The three parts are : reason, the spirited element, and the appetites. This, just the same as the city, a justShow MoreRelatedPersonal Philosophy Reflection Paper1203 Words   |  5 PagesFor the past six weeks, I learned how philosophy has influenced the world globally. Learning that when human beings voice their thoughts with others, they receive a chance to change the world, especially if one person speaks one on one, one personage can change the world of one body. My belief in the power of language is strengthened by philosophy. 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Physical Disorders and Health Psychology Free Essays

string(10122) " being gay by one third †¢Gender identity disorder oa persons physical gender is not consistent with persons sense of identity tapper in a body of the wrong sex otranssexualism odifferent from transvestic fetishism- sexually aroused by wearing clothing of opposite sex odifferent from intersex individuals- hermaphrodites, born with ambiguous genitalia, hormonal or physical abnormalities oautogynephilia- when gender identity disorder begins with strong sexual attraction to fantasy of oneself as a female, then progresses to becoming a woman ogenetic component suspected †¢gender nonconformity oboys behaving femininely or females behaving masculinely †¢sex reassignment surgery controversial to directly alter gender identity to match physical anatomy oin order to qualify, must live in opposite sex role for 1-2 yrs to be sure omust be stable psychologically, financially, socially ogynecomastia- growth of breasts †¢intersex individuals- born w/ physical cha ractersitics of both sexes o5 sexes: †¢males †¢females †¢herms †¢merms- more male than female but have some femal genitalia †¢ferms- ovaries but possess some male genitalia †¢Sexual dysfunction oinability to become aroused or reach orgasm o3 stages of sexual response cycle: desire, arousal, orgasm opremature ejaculation vaginismus- painful contractions in vagina during attempted penetration olifelong or acquired ogeneralized or situational odue to psych factors or medical condition †¢Hypoactive sexual desire disorder olittle or no interest in any type of sexual activity †¢sexual aversion disorder othought of sex or brief casual touch may evoke fear, panic or disgust †¢male erectile disorder and female sexual arousal disorder oproblem is not desire, problem is physically becoming aroused †¢inhibited orgasm oinability to achieve orgasm despite adequate desire and arousal \(common in women\) ofemale orgasmic disorder- difficulty reachin g orgasm retarded ejaculation- cumming delayed oretrograde ejaculation- shoot back into bladder rather than forward †¢premature ejaculation- more common, 20% of males †¢sexual pain disorders odesire, arousal, orgasm present opain so severe that behavior disrupted odyspareunia- no medical reason found for pain †¢vaginismus- pelvic muscles in outer third of vagina involuntarily spasm oripping, burning, tearing sensations during sex †¢Assessing Sexual behavior o\(1\) interviews- and questionnaires o\(2\) thorough medical eval- rule out medical conditions o\(3\) psychophysiological assessment penile strain gauge- picks up changes as penis expands †¢vaginal photoplethysmograph- measures light reflected from vaginal walls †¢Causes of sexual disorders obiological contributions †¢nuerological diseases †¢diabetes †¢arterial insufficiency- constricted arteries †¢venous leakage- blood flows out too quickly for a good boner †¢prescription d rugs \?anti-hypertensive medications for high blood pressure \?antidepressants \?SSRIs mess w/ arousal and desire †¢elicit drugs- cocaine †¢cigarettes opsych contributions †¢anxiety- can increase or decrease desire †¢distraction men who are dysfunctional report less sexual arousal †¢inducing positive or negative mood directly affects arousal †¢performance anxiety, 3 parts: \?arousal, cognitive processes, negative affect †¢erotophobia- negative cognitive set about sexuality, viewed as negative or threating \? learned early in childhood from families, religious authorities \? early sexual trauma, rape victims †¢script theory- we all operate by following â€Å"scripts† that reflect social and cultural expectations and guide our behavior †¢sexual myths/ misperceptions †¢Treatment for sexual dysfunction education is very effective, dispel myths and ignorance about sexual response cycle otherapy, increase communication b/t dysfuncti onal partners osensate focus and nondemand pleasuring- exploring and enjoying each others bodies thru touching, kissing, hugging, massaging †¢1st phase no genitals or boobs †¢2nd phase genitals but no sex or orgasm †¢3rd sex once aroused osqueeze technique- squeezing tip of penis to reduce arousal and gain control over ejaculation omasturbation training and porn! omedical treatments †¢oral medication \(Viagra\) †¢injection of vasoactive substances directly into the penis\? †¢surgery †¢vacuum device therapy †¢Paraphilia if exists, individuals normally exhibit multiple paraphillic patterns oassociated w/ deficiencies in consensual adult sexual arousal, social skills, sexual fantasies †¢frotteurism orubbing against someone in a crowded public place until point of ejaculation †¢festishism operson sexually attracted to nonliving objects o\(1\) inanimate object o\(2\) source of specific tactile stimulation†¦ rubber o\(3\) body partâ⠂¬ ¦ foot †¢voyeurism obeing aroused by observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked †¢exhibitionism osexual gratification from exposing genitals to strangers orisk \+ anxiety can increase arousal oassociated w/ lower levels of edu transvestic fetishism osexual arousal from cross-dressing †¢sexual sadism oinflicting pain or humiliation †¢sexual masochism osuffering pain or humiliation †¢hypoxiphilia- oself strangulation to reduce flow of oxygen to brain to enhance orgasm †¢pedophilia osexual attraction to kids oincest when own family †¢Psychological treatment ocovert sensitization- carried out in imagination of patient, associate sexually arousing images w/ reasons why behavior is harmful or dangerous †¢orgasmic reconditioning opatients instructed to masturbate to usual fantasies but substitute more desirable ones just before ejaculation †¢Drug treatments â€Å"chemical castration†- eliminates sexual desire \+ fantasy by greatly reducing testosterone levels ocyproterone acetate \+ medroxyprogesterone ouseful for dangerous sexual offenders who do not respond to alternative treatmens Chapter 11: Substance-related and Impulse-control disorders †¢impulse control disorders- inability to resist acting on a drive or temptation osteal, gamble, set fires, pull out hair †¢polysubstance abuse- using multiple substances †¢substance use oingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not impair social, educational or occupational functioning †¢intoxication- getting high or drunk oimpairs judgment, mood changes, lowered motor ability †¢substance abuse ohow much ingested is problematic †¢addiction- substance dependence ophysiologically dependent on the drug requires increasing amounts to experience same effect \(tolerance\) onegative physical response when substance no longer ingested \(withdrawal\) oNicotine is arguably most addictive drug in the world, more so th an meth! †¢5 substance categories o\(1\) depressants- sedation \+ relaxation†¦ alcohol o\(2\) stimulants- active \+ alert†¦ caffeine o\(3\) opiates- analgesia \+ euphoria†¦ morphine o\(4\) hallucinogens- alter sensory perception†¦ weed, LSD \(5\) other drugs- don’t fit neatly into categories†¦ steroids †¢Depressants odecrease central nervous system activity, reduce levels of physiological arousal omost likely to produce dependence, tolerance, withdrawal oalcohol †¢reduces inhibition, motor coordination, reaction time, judgement †¢esophagusstomachsmall intestinesbloodstreamheart \(\+other major organs\) liver †¢influences GABA receptors –anxiety †¢influences glutamate system- excitatory, memory, blackouts †¢withdrawal delirium- frightening hallucinations, body tremors †¢liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disorders, brain damage †¢dementia- loss of intellectual abilities Wernicke-Korsakoff syn drome- loss of muscle coordination, confusion, unintelligible speech †¢fetal alcohol syndrome- when pregnant mothers drink, fetal growth retardation, behavior problems, learning difficulties, physical signs †¢alcohol dehydrogenase- enzyme that breaks down alcohol †¢3 million ppl dependent in US ostages of alcoholism †¢pre alcoholic- drinking occasionally, few consequences †¢prodromal stage- drinking heavily, outward signs of a problem †¢crucial stage- loss of control, binges †¢chronic stage- primary daily activities involve drinking odrinking at early age is predictive of later abuse alcohol linked to violent behavior oBarbiturates †¢sedatives, help ppl sleep †¢highly addictive †¢overdosing suicide †¢influence GABA obenzodiazepines †¢reduce anxiety †¢highly prescribed in US †¢alcohol amplifies effect oStimulants †¢most commonly used psychoactive drugs in US †¢amphetamine use disorders \?reduce appetite \ ?narcolepsy, ADHD, Ritalin \?stimulants illegally abused by college students†¦ no shit †¢crystal meth †¢MDMA- ecstasy ococaine use disorders †¢alertness, euphoria, increase blood pressure \+ pulse, insomnia, loss of appetite †¢paranoia, heart probs nicotine use disroders †¢withdrawal- depression, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, increased appetite †¢more prone to depression †¢Opioids oopiate natural chemicals in opium poppy have narcotic effect oâ€Å"downers† †¢Hallucinogens ochange sensory perception osight, sound, feelings, taste, smell omarijuana oLSD †¢Other drugs oSpecial K osteroids oPCP †¢Family and genetic influence †¢neurobiological influence opleasure pathway in brain mediates experience of reward odopamine- pleasure oGABA- inhibitory NT †¢Psych dimensions opositive reinforcement negative reinforcement- use drugs to cope/escape from bad feelings and difficult life circumstances oopponent-process theor y- an increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings and vice versa †¢cognitive factors oplacebo effect oexpectancy theory †¢social dimensions opeer pressure omarketing omoral weakness model of chemical dependence- drug use is seen as a failure of self-control in the face of temptation odisease model of dependence- drug dependence cause by an underlying physiological disorder †¢cultural factors oacculturation- adapt to new culture omachismo †¢neuroplasticity brains tendency to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections ocontinued use of substance†¦\." Chapter 9: Physical Disorders and Health Psychology †¢psychosomatic medicine- psych factors affect physical function †¢behavioral medicine- applied to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of medical problems †¢health psychology- psych factors that are important to the maintenance and promotion of health opsych and social factors: †¢(1) affect biological processes †¢(2) long-standing behavior patterns put ppl at risk for certain disorders o50% of deaths from top 10 leading causes in US can be traced to lifestyle behaviors †¢poor eating habits, smoking, lack of exercise, General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)- Selye oalarm- response to immediate danger or threat oresistance- mobilize coping mechanisms to respond oexhaustion- body suffers permanent damage †¢chronic stress may cause permanent body damage and contribute to disease †¢stress= physiological response to stressor †¢HPA Axis ohypothalamus- pituitary gland- adrenal gland oimportant for stress ocortisol= stress hormone †¢baboon case study odominant males have less stressful lives due to predictability + controllability olower males experience stress from bullying, higher cortisol levels osense of control important stress, anxiety, depression related osimilar underlying physiological processes oself-efficacy: sense of control and confidence that one can cope with stress or challenges †¢stress can lead to decreased immune system functioning oincreased rates of infectious diseases, mono, colds, flu, †¢Immune system oeliminates antigens- foreign maerials, bacteria, viruses, parasites o2 main parts: †¢humoral B cells, antibodies neutralize antigens †¢cellular T cells, destroy viral infections + cancerous processes owhite blood cells do most of the work (leukocytes) microphages= first line of defense †¢autoimmune disease oimmune system overactive, attacks body cells †¢rheumatoid arthritis- too many suppressor T cells, body subject to invasion by antigens †¢HIV- human immunodeficiency virus ?AIDS-related complex first: minor health problems before AIDS diagnosis w. pneumonia, cancer, dementia, wasting syndrome†¦ ? treated w/ highly active antiretroviral therapy †¢reducing stress, social support, CBT help †¢psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) opsych influences on neurological responding implicated in immune response †¢Cancer psychoncology- psych influences in development of cancer otherapy can help treatment to reduce stress, improve mood, alter important health behaviors, supportive relationships †¢reduce cancer recurrence and dying †¢influence support + development of cancer oâ€Å"benefit finding†- deepening spirituality, changes in life priorities, closer ties to others, enhanced sense of purpose opsych procedures important to manage stress especially w/ children who undergo surgery †¢Cardiovascular problems ocompromise heart, blood vessels and control mechanisms cardiovascular d isease ostrokes ocerebral vascular accidents- temporary blockages of blood vessels to brain cause temporary/ permanent damage ohypertension- high blood pressure, risk factor for other heart probs †¢blood vessels constrict, heart works harder, pressure †¢essential hypertension- no verifiable physical cause †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"silent killer† †¢blacks more at risk than whites †¢genetic influences †¢anger + hostility increase blood pressure ocoronary heart disease †¢heart disease in #1 cause of death in western cultures †¢blockage of arteries supplying blood to heart muscle chest pain †¢plaque †¢deficiency of blood to a body part †¢heart attack- death of heart tissue when artery clogged †¢stress, anxiety, anger contribute (+lack of coping skills and low social support) †¢myocardial stunning- heart failure as a result of severe stress oType A behavior pattern †¢excessive competitive drive, sense of pressured for time, impat ience, high E, angry outbursts †¢at risk for CHD (although cultural diffs significant) oType B behavior pattern †¢more relaxed, less concerned about deadlines, seldom pressured, †¢Reserve capacity model associations among environments of low socioeconomic status, stressful experiences, psychosocial resources, emotions and cognitions increase risk for CHD †¢Pain oacute- follows an injury, disappears once injury heals ochronic- begins w/ acute episode but does not go away osubjective term pain vs. pain behaviors= manifestations of exp oemotional component= suffering oseverity of pain doesn’t predict reaction b/c of psych factors †¢Phantom limb pain oppl who have lost an arm or leg feel excruciating pain in the missing limb †¢operant control of pain pain behavior under control of social consequences oie critical family members may become sympathetic †¢gate control theory of pain onerve impulses from painful stimuli travel to spinal column then to brain odorsal horns of spinal column= gate osmall fibers open gate, large fibers close †¢brain inhibits pain oendogenous opiods- naturally exist within body endorphins oshut down pain, runner’s high after exercise, †¢men and women exp pain differently omen have stronger endogenous opiod systems owomen have additional pain-regulating mechanisms odiff areas more prone to pain Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) olack of E, fatigue, variety of aches and pains oneurasthenia- lack of nerve strength, old diagnosis oprevalent in western world and China †¢Pain can kill you†¦ oincreases rate at which certain cancers metastasize ocan weaken immune system response by reducing natural killer cells opain stressvicious cycle †¢Biofeedback omake patients aware of specific physiological functions that ordinarily not be consciously aware of †¢heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension in specific areas, electroencephalogram rhythms, patterns of blood flow †¢(1 ) conscious awareness (2) learn to control them oinstill sense of control over pain †¢progressive relaxation obecome acutely aware of tension, relax specific muscle groups †¢transcendental meditation ofocus attention on repeated syllable, or mantra †¢relaxation response- silently repeat mantra to minimize distraction by closing mind to intruding thoughts †¢Coping mechanisms oprescription drugs, reduced effectiveness over time odenial oimproved attitudes, realistic appraisals thru CBT †¢4 leading causes of death in Us oheart disease, cancer, stroke, respiratory disease AIDS prevention ocontraception ochanging high-risk behavior is only effective prevention strategy †¢smoking is epidemic in china omyths: tobacco is symbol of personal freedom, important for social interactions, health effects can be controlled, important to economy, †¢Stanford Three Community Study o1 community- assessed risk factors for CHD and smoking o2 community- media blitz on ri sk factors o3 community- face to face interventions, most successful at reducing CHD risk factors Chapter 10: Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders gender identity disorder- psych dissatisfaction w/ one’s biological sex, disturbance in identity †¢sexual dysfunction- difficult to function while having sex, ie no orgasm †¢paraphilia- arousal due to inappropriate objects/ individuals ophilia- strong attraction opara- abnormal †¢male female sex differences omen masturbate more and admit it ofemales associate sex w/ romance + intimacy rather than male physical gratification omen have diff attitude toward casual premarital sex omen show more sexual desire/arousal omen’s self-concept characterized more by power, independence, aggression owomen’s sex beliefs are more plastic/ changeable women emphasize relaitonships †¢sexual self schemas- core beliefs about sexuality †¢Cultural differences oSambia in Papua New Guinea †¢adolescent boys encour aged to engage in homosexual oral sex b/c semen valued†¦ wtf †¢Homosexuality omight run in families, genetic component? odifferential hormone exposure in utero ogreater probably of being left handed or ambidextrous olonger ring finger than index ofraternal birth order hypothesis- each additional older brother increased odds of being gay by one third †¢Gender identity disorder oa persons physical gender is not consistent with persons sense of identity tapper in a body of the wrong sex otranssexualism odifferent from transvestic fetishism- sexually aroused by wearing clothing of opposite sex odifferent from intersex individuals- hermaphrodites, born with ambiguous genitalia, hormonal or physical abnormalities oautogynephilia- when gender identity disorder begins with strong sexual attraction to fantasy of oneself as a female, then progresses to becoming a woman ogenetic component suspected †¢gender nonconformity oboys behaving femininely or females behaving masculi nely †¢sex reassignment surgery controversial to directly alter gender identity to match physical anatomy oin order to qualify, must live in opposite sex role for 1-2 yrs to be sure omust be stable psychologically, financially, socially ogynecomastia- growth of breasts †¢intersex individuals- born w/ physical charactersitics of both sexes o5 sexes: †¢males †¢females †¢herms †¢merms- more male than female but have some femal genitalia †¢ferms- ovaries but possess some male genitalia †¢Sexual dysfunction oinability to become aroused or reach orgasm o3 stages of sexual response cycle: desire, arousal, orgasm opremature ejaculation vaginismus- painful contractions in vagina during attempted penetration olifelong or acquired ogeneralized or situational odue to psych factors or medical condition †¢Hypoactive sexual desire disorder olittle or no interest in any type of sexual activity †¢sexual aversion disorder othought of sex or brief casu al touch may evoke fear, panic or disgust †¢male erectile disorder and female sexual arousal disorder oproblem is not desire, problem is physically becoming aroused †¢inhibited orgasm oinability to achieve orgasm despite adequate desire and arousal (common in women) ofemale orgasmic disorder- difficulty reaching orgasm retarded ejaculation- cumming delayed oretrograde ejaculation- shoot back into bladder rather than forward †¢premature ejaculation- more common, 20% of males †¢sexual pain disorders odesire, arousal, orgasm present opain so severe that behavior disrupted odyspareunia- no medical reason found for pain †¢vaginismus- pelvic muscles in outer third of vagina involuntarily spasm oripping, burning, tearing sensations during sex †¢Assessing Sexual behavior o(1) interviews- and questionnaires o(2) thorough medical eval- rule out medical conditions o(3) psychophysiological assessment penile strain gauge- picks up changes as penis expands †¢vag inal photoplethysmograph- measures light reflected from vaginal walls †¢Causes of sexual disorders obiological contributions †¢nuerological diseases †¢diabetes †¢arterial insufficiency- constricted arteries †¢venous leakage- blood flows out too quickly for a good boner †¢prescription drugs ?anti-hypertensive medications for high blood pressure ?antidepressants ?SSRIs mess w/ arousal and desire †¢elicit drugs- cocaine †¢cigarettes opsych contributions †¢anxiety- can increase or decrease desire †¢distraction men who are dysfunctional report less sexual arousal †¢inducing positive or negative mood directly affects arousal †¢performance anxiety, 3 parts: ?arousal, cognitive processes, negative affect †¢erotophobia- negative cognitive set about sexuality, viewed as negative or threating ? learned early in childhood from families, religious authorities ? early sexual trauma, rape victims †¢script theory- we all operate by following â€Å"scripts† that reflect social and cultural expectations and guide our behavior †¢sexual myths/ misperceptions †¢Treatment for sexual dysfunction education is very effective, dispel myths and ignorance about sexual response cycle otherapy, increase communication b/t dysfunctional partners osensate focus and nondemand pleasuring- exploring and enjoying each others bodies thru touching, kissing, hugging, massaging †¢1st phase no genitals or boobs †¢2nd phase genitals but no sex or orgasm †¢3rd sex once aroused osqueeze technique- squeezing tip of penis to reduce arousal and gain control over ejaculation omasturbation training and porn! omedical treatments †¢oral medication (Viagra) †¢injection of vasoactive substances directly into the penis? †¢surgery †¢vacuum device therapy †¢Paraphilia if exists, individuals normally exhibit multiple paraphillic patterns oassociated w/ deficiencies in consensual adult sexual arousal, social skills, sexual fantasies †¢frotteurism orubbing against someone in a crowded public place until point of ejaculation †¢festishism operson sexually attracted to nonliving objects o(1) inanimate object o(2) source of specific tactile stimulation†¦ rubber o(3) body part†¦ foot †¢voyeurism obeing aroused by observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked †¢exhibitionism osexual gratification from exposing genitals to strangers orisk + anxiety can increase arousal oassociated w/ lower levels of edu transvestic fetishism osexual arousal from cross-dressing †¢sexual sadism oinflicting pain or humiliation †¢sexual masochism osuffering pain or humiliation †¢hypoxiphilia- oself strangulation to reduce flow of oxygen to brain to enhance orgasm †¢pedophilia osexual attraction to kids oincest when own family †¢Psychological treatment ocovert sensitization- carried out in imagination of patient, associate sexually arous ing images w/ reasons why behavior is harmful or dangerous †¢orgasmic reconditioning opatients instructed to masturbate to usual fantasies but substitute more desirable ones just before ejaculation †¢Drug treatments â€Å"chemical castration†- eliminates sexual desire + fantasy by greatly reducing testosterone levels ocyproterone acetate + medroxyprogesterone ouseful for dangerous sexual offenders who do not respond to alternative treatmens Chapter 11: Substance-related and Impulse-control disorders †¢impulse control disorders- inability to resist acting on a drive or temptation osteal, gamble, set fires, pull out hair †¢polysubstance abuse- using multiple substances †¢substance use oingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not impair social, educational or occupational functioning †¢intoxication- getting high or drunk oimpairs judgment, mood changes, lowered motor ability †¢substance abuse ohow much ingested is pro blematic †¢addiction- substance dependence ophysiologically dependent on the drug requires increasing amounts to experience same effect (tolerance) onegative physical response when substance no longer ingested (withdrawal) oNicotine is arguably most addictive drug in the world, more so than meth! †¢5 substance categories o(1) depressants- sedation + relaxation†¦ alcohol o(2) stimulants- active + alert†¦ caffeine o(3) opiates- analgesia + euphoria†¦ morphine o(4) hallucinogens- alter sensory perception†¦ weed, LSD (5) other drugs- don’t fit neatly into categories†¦ steroids †¢Depressants odecrease central nervous system activity, reduce levels of physiological arousal omost likely to produce dependence, tolerance, withdrawal oalcohol †¢reduces inhibition, motor coordination, reaction time, judgement †¢esophagusstomachsmall intestinesbloodstreamheart (+other major organs) liver †¢influences GABA receptors –anxiety â € ¢influences glutamate system- excitatory, memory, blackouts †¢withdrawal delirium- frightening hallucinations, body tremors †¢liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disorders, brain damage †¢dementia- loss of intellectual abilities Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome- loss of muscle coordination, confusion, unintelligible speech †¢fetal alcohol syndrome- when pregnant mothers drink, fetal growth retardation, behavior problems, learning difficulties, physical signs †¢alcohol dehydrogenase- enzyme that breaks down alcohol †¢3 million ppl dependent in US ostages of alcoholism †¢pre alcoholic- drinking occasionally, few consequences †¢prodromal stage- drinking heavily, outward signs of a problem †¢crucial stage- loss of control, binges †¢chronic stage- primary daily activities involve drinking odrinking at early age is predictive of later abuse alcohol linked to violent behavior oBarbiturates †¢sedatives, help ppl sleep †¢high ly addictive †¢overdosing suicide †¢influence GABA obenzodiazepines †¢reduce anxiety †¢highly prescribed in US †¢alcohol amplifies effect oStimulants †¢most commonly used psychoactive drugs in US †¢amphetamine use disorders ?reduce appetite ?narcolepsy, ADHD, Ritalin ?stimulants illegally abused by college students†¦ no shit †¢crystal meth †¢MDMA- ecstasy ococaine use disorders †¢alertness, euphoria, increase blood pressure + pulse, insomnia, loss of appetite †¢paranoia, heart probs nicotine use disroders †¢withdrawal- depression, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, increased appetite †¢more prone to depression †¢Opioids oopiate natural chemicals in opium poppy have narcotic effect oâ€Å"downers† †¢Hallucinogens ochange sensory perception osight, sound, feelings, taste, smell omarijuana oLSD †¢Other drugs oSpecial K osteroids oPCP †¢Family and genetic influence †¢neurobiological influ ence opleasure pathway in brain mediates experience of reward odopamine- pleasure oGABA- inhibitory NT †¢Psych dimensions opositive reinforcement negative reinforcement- use drugs to cope/escape from bad feelings and difficult life circumstances oopponent-process theory- an increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings and vice versa †¢cognitive factors oplacebo effect oexpectancy theory †¢social dimensions opeer pressure omarketing omoral weakness model of chemical dependence- drug use is seen as a failure of self-control in the face of temptation odisease model of dependence- drug dependence cause by an underlying physiological disorder †¢cultural factors oacculturation- adapt to new culture omachismo †¢neuroplasticity brains tendency to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections ocontinued use of substance†¦. You read "Physical Disorders and Health Psychology" in category "Essay examples" We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Disorders and Health Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now decreased desire for nondrug experiences †¢Treatment obiological †¢agonist substitution- take a safe drug that has a chemical makeup similar to the addictive drug ? methadone instead of heroin ?cross-tolerance: they act on same NTs †¢substitution ?nicotine gum instead of cigs †¢antagonist drugs- block or counteract effects of psychoactive drugs †¢aversive treatment- prescribe drugs that make ingesting abused substance extremely unpleasant opsychosocial †¢therapy †¢inpatient facilities †¢alcoholics anonymous- 12 steps †¢controlled use- controversial covert sensitization- negative associations by imagining unpleasant scenes †¢contingency management- decide on reinforces that will reward certain behaviors †¢community reinforcement approach †¢motivational interviewing- empathetic and optimistic counseling †¢CBT †¢relapse prevention †¢Impulse control disorders ointermittent explosive disorder- episodes where act o n aggressive impulses †¢serious assaults or destruction of property †¢influenced by NT levels okleptomania †¢recurrent failure to resist urge to steal things not needed for personal use or monetary value †¢high comorbidity with mood disorders opyromania †¢irresistible urge to set fires pathological gambling otrichotillomania †¢pulling out ones hair from anywhere on body oothers †¢compulsive shopping-oniomania †¢skin picking †¢self mutilation †¢computer addiction Chapter 12: Personality Disorders †¢personality disorders- enduring patterns of thinking about ones environment and self that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts oinflexible, maladaptive and cause significant impairment or distress ohigh comorbidity †¢Axis I= current disorder †¢Axis II= chronic problem †¢5 Factor model oextroversion- talkative + assertive vs passive and reserved oagree-ableness- kind trusting vs hostile selfish co nscientiousness- organized thorough, reliable oneuroticism- even tempered vs nervousness moody oopenness to experience- imaginative curious †¢Cluster A: odd or eccentric oparanoid oschizoid oschizotypal †¢Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, erratic oantisocial (m)- irresponsible, reckless behavior oborderline (f) ohistrionic (f)- excessive emotionality and attention seeking onarcissistic †¢Cluster C: fearful, anxious oavoidant odependent oobsessive compulsive †¢Biases ocriterion gender bias- criteria biased oassessment gender bias- assessment measures biased How to cite Physical Disorders and Health Psychology, Essay examples

Contemporary Accounting Practice and Sustainability Report Australia

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Accounting Practice and Sustainability Report. Answer: Purpose of the sustainability report Particularly, Australia lacks an mandatory requirement on the whole for sustainability reporting and the levels of sustainability reporting essentially in Australia continue to remain behind different comparable nations such as UK, Germany as well as Japan. Analysis shows that around 30% of the top 500 corporations of Australia publish or are anticipated to declare sustainability reports during the period 2006. However, this result persists on a 16 year increasing trend. The four industry segments that essentially dominate the position of the AXS 300 including business services/products, finance as well as insurances along with manufacturing present their sustainability reporting. However, majority of the corporations that is around 70% presenting the sustainability declarations align their reports or draw reference to the GRI guidelines that is a worldwide voluntary structure for particularly sustainability declarations (Fonseca et al. 2014). As rightly indicated by Sustainability reporting can be considered as the exercise of enumerating, divulging, and being answerable to internal as well as external stakeholders for institutional performance towards the objective of development of sustainability (Hahn and Llfs 2014). Essentially, Sustainability reports grounded on GRI Reporting Structure aids in disclosing outcomes as well as results that happened within the period of reporting particularly in the context of commitments of the organization, strategy, and approach of the management (Bebbington et al. 2014). The GRI framework is a generally accepted structure for sustainability reports that explains what to report and how to report and abide by the protocol, directives and guidance as well as standard disclosures. As such, code of ethics for particularly expert Accountants initiated during 2006 and modified in 2008 acknowledged by APESB Accounting Professional and Ethical Standards Board specifies the obligations for bus iness enterprises to adhere to the GRI- (Global Reporting Initiative). Essentially, an inspection carried out by KPMG reveals that majority of the business enterprises employ the GRI (global reporting initiative) and utilizes the GRI guidelines specifically the G3 directives for sustainability coverage (Ioannou and Serafeim 2016). According to global reporting initiative (GRI), it can be mentioned that sustainability coverage can help out in widespread analysis of potency along with limitations, stakeholder participation that is vital for sustainability coverage. As such, this can assist in advancing vision and institutional strategy. In essence, sustainability reporting helps in communication of diverse credible, pertinent information to a wide range of stakeholders counting members of the staff, financiers as well as potential clientele of the corporation (Buhr et al. 2014). The breadth of the subject matter discussed within the scope of sustainability reporting lead to the develo pment of encyclopaedic pronouncements that can be used by the users and add values to overall business operations of the corporation (Hahn and Khnen 2013). Thus, this exercise assists in developing trust by preserving transparency as regards non-financial performance as well as initiating discussion with stakeholders that sequentially can aid in reduction the reputational risk. Stakeholders interested in the sustainability report In essence, business firms make use of sustainability reporting for adding up values to diverse operations of the business corporation by maintaining transparency as regards non-financial presentation, initiating open conversation/dialogue with diverse stakeholders. Essentially, inclusiveness of all the stakeholders can be considered to be a very important aspect of GRI structure (Lozano 2013). As such, a sustainability report might not essentially involve stakeholder engagement by itself; however stakeholder engagement sure can necessarily utilize the content of the report. The main stakeholders in this case are workers, government as well as different agencies, shareholders or else the owners of the firm, creditors, consumers and suppliers, different unions, along with the community from where thebusinesspulls its resources (Junior et al. 2014). Accordingly, the system of Sustainability pronouncements can be observed as a course of presenting important information by which various stakeholders of the firm can evaluate economic with social values along with environmental policies of a business. This can necessarily assist in appropriate internal management, enhanced process of decision making with the intention of lessening of expenses by suitable supervision, analysis of varied problems specifically energy utilization, exploitation of raw materials in addition to proper waste management (Alonso?Almeida et al. 2014). As per GRI, sustainability reporting can aid in suitable analysis of strength as well as weakness and assist in stakeholder engagement that is mandatory for proper sustainable reporting. However, this system of reporting can facilitate in lessening of cost of conformity by appropriate enumeration of sustainability performance that in turn can assist business enterprises to meet up diverse regulatory necessities efficiently, avert breaches and collect requisite data effectively. Significant difference between the sustainability reports Comparison between the sustainability reports of Wesfarmers and BHP Billiton According to the sustainability reports of the corporation BHP Billiton declared during the 2016, the firm values take in its sustainability, reliability, esteem, presentation, simplicity as well as accountability (BHP Billiton 2017). However, this business enterprise generates and takes into consideration social and economic values along with environment factors that deliver competitive benefits to the business concern (Lozano 2013). Analysis of the sustainability structure of BHP Billiton also involves sustainable development together with risk management that essentially directs the policy and strategy of the firm both within the domestic and regional communities. Furthermore, the sustainability reportage of BHP Billiton is essentially associated to the operated resources. In addition, BHP Billiton also carve up stewardship of regional cultures and contribute towards environment as well as financial development. Evaluation of sustainability reports of the corporation also reveals that that sustainability governance is highly synchronized by the system that is linked to health and safety, societal as well as environmental influences (). The report also reflects the commitment of the firm to conform to the directives and regulations of the specific country in which the business operates. Reports also divulge that the Operations Management Committee (OMC) of BHP Billiton assumes important decisions relating to the governance of sustainability within the corporation (BHP Billiton 2017). Again, the OMC is also accountable for regulating, scheduling as well as directing all the functions of the business concern. Analysis of the sustainability reportage of the firm also reflects that the sustainability approach of the business concern comprises of different principles in addition to enforced requirements of the condition pronouncements of particularly International Council on Mining and Metals Sustainable Development Framework as well as the Voluntary doctrine on H uman Rights as well as Security (BHP Billiton 2017). In addition, BHP Billiton dynamically is engaged with joint venture partnerships with firm with sustainable development of the framework of formal governance as well as technical interactions. Again, the precedence of the sustainability structure of the corporation BHP Billiton is essentially the administration and detection of risks associated to materiality that are built-in inside business operations, as well as procedures. The report also states that the internal audit operation essentially analyses the functioning as well as design efficiency of the course of sustainability of the corporation yearly (BHP Billiton 2017). On the other hand, the sustainability reports of the corporation Wesfarmers Limited reveal that the firm persistently generates values for future operations of the firm. In essence, the company devotes its attention towards proactive management of the overall environment as well as community in which it functions. Analysis of the sustainability report of the firm Wesfarmers Limited reflects that the company focuses on its people and relentlessly concentrates on delivering safe place for working (Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Addition to this, the management of the firm manages the diversity of the workplace and the concentrates on developing inclusive workplace environment by consideration towards maintenance of gender diversity along with proper addition of Aboriginal over and above people from the Torres Strait Islander. However, sustainability pronouncements of the business also stresses on the sourcing procedure of the firm. The sustainability declaration made by the fi rm refers to the process of sourcing that refers to ethical souring procedures undertaken by the firm Wesfarmers Limited. Reports also reveal that the company engages in maintaining strong and enduring relationship with the suppliers and attempts to find ways of sourcing in an accountable manner by properly functioning with other suppliers and enhances the social along with environmental exercises (Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Comprehensive assessment of the sustainability report also replicates the fact that the management of the retail business enterprise adds certainly to the society by taking into consideration product safety in an effective manner. Addition to this, management of the corporation Wesfarmers Limited also strives towards lessening of the emissions and enhancing the resilience to changes in climatic. Besides this, reducing use of water as well as proper management of waste for the land filling is also taken into consideration (Sustainability.wesfarmers.c om.au 2017). Apart from this, Wesfarmers Limited also attempts to preserve strong corporate governance schemes in different aspects of business functions. Wesfarmers Limited also commit towards creation of value for its prospective shareholders, societies along with employees functioning in a business concern. However, this corporation believes in generation of long-term value and serving to communities in best feasible ways. Sustainability reporting in accordance with GRI guidelines Sustainability Reporting, in accordance with the GRI Guidelines need to be made mandatory as this can help to present a generally accepted structure for covering on an firms economic as well as social performance and environmental influences. Essentially, this framework contains the Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, specific Indicator Protocols along with Technical Protocols, and certain Sector Supplements that can help the readers of the report to gain clarity regarding contents of the report. References Alonso?Almeida, M., Llach, J. and Marimon, F., 2014. A closer look at the Global Reporting Initiativesustainability reporting as a tool to implement environmental and social policies: A worldwide sector analysis.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,21(6), pp.318-335. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. BHP Billiton. 2017.BHP Billiton | A leading global resources company. [online] Available at: https://bhpbilliton.com [Accessed 5 Jun. 2017]. Buhr, N., Gray, R. and Milne, M.J., 2014. Histories, rationales, voluntary standards and future prospects for sustainability reporting.Sustainability accounting and accountability, pp.51-71. Fonseca, A., McAllister, M.L. and Fitzpatrick, P., 2014. Sustainability reporting among mining corporations: a constructive critique of the GRI approach.Journal of Cleaner Production,84, pp.70-83. Hahn, R. and Khnen, M., 2013. Determinants of sustainability reporting: a review of results, trends, theory, and opportunities in an expanding field of research.Journal of Cleaner Production,59, pp.5-21. Hahn, R. and Llfs, R., 2014. Legitimizing negative aspects in GRI-oriented sustainability reporting: A qualitative analysis of corporate disclosure strategies.Journal of Business Ethics,123(3), pp.401-420. Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2016. The consequences of mandatory corporate sustainability reporting: evidence from four countries. Junior, R.M., Best, P.J. and Cotter, J., 2014. Sustainability reporting and assurance: a historical analysis on a world-wide phenomenon.Journal of Business Ethics,120(1), pp.1-11. Lozano, R., 2013. Sustainability inter-linkages in reporting vindicated: a study of European companies.Journal of Cleaner Production,51, pp.57-65. Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au. 2017. 2015.sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au. Retrieved 3 January 2017, from https://2015.sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au